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We see windows of varying types, in all facets of our life: windshields, buildings, house windows, and so on. But what are the differences in these materials?

Many types of glass are used in everyday materials. Tempered glass and laminated glass are the most widely used in commercial, residential, and automotive manufacturing. Tempered glass is created by reheating basic glass and rapidly cooling it to cause compression, which leads to a state of internal tension in the material. Tempering the glass makes it about five times stronger than basic glass. This type of glass is typically used in areas where high amounts of stress are applied: entrance doors, sliding glass doors, tabletops, and skylights. Its ability to withstand shattering is ideal for these uses. Laminated glass is created by sandwiching two layers of glass with a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sheet in between. This glass sandwich is then subjected to high heat and pressure, creating a very strong product capable of resisting tremendous force. When force is applied to laminated glass, it does not shatter into a million jagged pieces. Instead, it breaks into pebble-like fragments, decreasing the chance of injury. Automotive glass is composed of both laminated and tempered glass. Windshields are made from laminated, shatterproof glass whereas rear and side windows are made of strong tempered glass.

Why is automotive glass testing important? 

Safety is the main reason for automotive glass testing. 糖心logo米菲兔provides automotive glass testing services to help you ensure your product complies with relevant regulations and the highest safety standards, giving you the certainty, you need to get your products to market. We test glazing materials used in motor vehicles against the requirements of ANSI Z26.1, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 205 (FMVSS 205), ECE R43, and other standards recognized by the US Department of Transportation (DOT). Our tests help reduce injuries when glazing material is broken, help protect the vehicle鈥檚 structure and occupants when involved in collisions, and ensure that vehicle windows have a necessary degree of transparency for driver visibility. Our goal is to ensure that the glazing materials you use sustain the different forms of strain that a vehicle encounters in its lifetime.

Case study: automotive glass testing

Laminated safety glass testing of 42 samples

The laboratory received 42 samples for testing. The tests were performed in accordance with ANSI Z26.1-1996 and FMVSS 205, AS-1 (Rev. October 1, 2008). Samples submitted were 0.277鈥� / 7.04mm thick: 36 - 12鈥� x 12鈥� flat 4 - 12鈥� x 12鈥� curved 4 - 4鈥� x 4鈥� flat The samples were subjected to numerous test methods: Light stability Luminous transmittance Humidity Boil Impact (dart, 30 foot drop) Impact (ball, 30 foot drop) Optical deviation and visibility distortion Abrasion resistance Penetration resistance Each sample was identified and marked for reference.

Light stability and luminous transference

Three (3) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch flat specimens were tested for regular (parallel) luminous transmittance at normal incidence using ICI 鈥淚lluminant A鈥� both before and after irradiation from a source equivalent to the specified Uviarc Laboratory equipment operated as specified for 100 hours. The specimens were placed nine (9) inches from the light source and maintained at a temperature of 110 卤 3掳F. After the second transmittance measurements were made, the same three irradiated specimens were immersed, vertically on edge, in water at 150掳F for three minutes and then transferred to and similarly immersed in boiling water for 10 minutes. The specimens were then removed and visually inspected for delamination and clouding. Post-test results indicated no discoloration or clouding, verifying sample compliance.

Humidity test

Three (3) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch flat specimens were stored for 2 weeks in a humidity cabinet over water, at an air temperature of 120 - 130掳F. Post-test results did not indicate any separation or visible defects in the samples.

Boil test

Three (3) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch flat specimens were immersed vertically on the edge in water at 150掳F for three minutes and then quickly immersed in the same manner in boiling water. The specimens were then boiled for two hours. Post-test results did not indicate any cracking, bubbles, or visible defects.

Impact test: dart, 30-foot drop

Five (5) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch specimens were separated and kept at a temperature of 70-85掳F for at least 4 hours immediately preceding the test. For each test, the specimens were supported horizontally in a steel frame made in accordance with Fig.1 of the Code. A 7-ounce steel dart, made in accordance with Fig. 3 of the Code, was dropped 30 feet, once, freely and from rest, the nose of the dart striking the specimen within 1 inch of its center on the face that would be glazed to the outside of the vehicle. Post-test results did not indicate any loose or detached fragments exclusive of the area punctured by the dart. The holes produced by the impact of the dart were sufficiently large to permit passage of the dart鈥檚 body through the specimen. No specimens produced any large pieces when broken.

Impact test: ball, 30-foot drop

Twelve (12) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch specimens were separated and kept at a temperature of 70-85掳 F for a minimum of 4 hours immediately preceding the test. The specimens were supported horizontally in a steel frame made in accordance with Fig. 1 of the Code. A half-pound solid, smooth, steel sphere was dropped 30 feet, once, freely and from rest, striking the specimen within 1 inch of its center on the face that would be glazed to the outside of the vehicle. The ball was allowed to make only one impact on the specimen. Post-test results did not indicate any samples that broke into large pieces or developed a hole through which the ball could pass. No specimens showed signs of an area of the reinforcing material greater than 1 square inch developed on the side opposite the point of impact or total separation of glass from reinforcing material as great as 3 square inches.

Optical deviation

Ten (10) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch flat and three (3) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch curved specimens were masked within 1 inch of all edges and individually placed 25 feet from the face of an illuminated box constructed in accordance with Fig. 4 of the Code. They were positioned so that the area of the specimen being examined would be nominal to the line of vision between the light source and the examiner鈥檚 eye (one eye only) and the entire unmasked area of the specimen was surveyed. Post test results did not exhibit shifting of the secondary image beyond the point of tangency with the inside edge of the circle.

Visibility distortion

Using the specified projector and screen placed 25 feet apart in a dark room and the projector focused on the screen, the same specimens that were used for the Optical Deviation test were placed individually as close to the screen as possible and moved toward the projector in steps of 5 inches and held parallel to the screen. When light and dark patches began to appear throughout the entire unmasked area of the specimens鈥� shadow, the distance from the screen to the specimen was recorded. Post-test results did not indicate any light or dark patches existing over the entire area before the specimens had to be moved a distance in excess of 25 inches from the screen.

Abrasion resistance

Three (3) 4鈥� x 4鈥� inch flat specimens were tested for abrasion by means of a Taber Abraser. Samples 6.0mm thick, representative of the exterior layer were tested. With a load of 500 grams on each CS-10F Calibrase Wheel, samples were subjected to 1000 cycles and operated in accordance with the Code. Haze measurements were made in accordance with Code procedure for Test No. 17 before and after subjecting the specimens to abrasion, by means of a Pivotable-Sphere Hazemeter constructed in accordance with Fig. 6 of the Code. From the required measurements made, the percent of haze before abrasion and the scattered light and haze after abrasion were calculated. The light scattered as a result of abrasion, and the arithmetic mean were computed in accordance with the Code. Post-test results were in compliance with the arithmetic mean of the percentages of light scattered by the three specimens as a result of abrasion shall not exceed 2.0%.

Penetration resistance

Ten (10) 12鈥� x 12鈥� inch flat specimens were separated and kept at a temperature of 70-85掳F for a minimum of 4 hours immediately preceding this test. The specimens were supported substantially in a horizontal position in a steel frame made in accordance with Fig.1 of the Code. A 5-pound 卤 0.5 ounce solid, smooth steel sphere was dropped from a height of 12 feet, once, freely and from rest, striking the specimen at the approximate geometric center of the surface that would be glazed to the interior of the vehicle. Post-test results showed that no specimens thus tested allowed the ball to pass completely through the specimen within a five-second interval after impact, either by what would be described as a puncture of the specimen or fracture of the specimen into relatively large pieces that subsequently fold aside to permit passage of the ball.

Calibrated test equipment

The following test equipment was calibrated to testing standards:

• Accelerated Weathering Tester
• Irradiance Calibrator
• Scale
• Byk Gardner Haze-Gard i
• Haze Standard
• Transmittance Standard
• Fisher Scientific Digital Thermometer

The 糖心logo米菲兔advantage

Element鈥檚 experts provide glass testing services to clients in the automotive, railway, military and marine industries, delivering data on time and first-time-right. For more information about our automotive glass testing services or to request a quote, contact us today.